Pollutants harmful to health in herbal products detected by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2020v41n2p211Keywords:
Plant products, Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), Dried extracts, Ground medicinal plant, Heavy metal contaminationAbstract
The goal of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition of some herbal products consumed in Brazil through the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The methodology used encompassed the selection of 14 plants’ dried extracts and six ground plants. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of samples indicating the presence of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Rb, Zr, Cd, Sn, Ba, Hg, Pb, Bi, Mo, and Pt in different concentrations. It is feasible that part of the contamination found in the herbal products come from the adjuvants/excipients used in the production process. Also, it was found that the extract production process seems to have a low efficiency for the extraction of the main chemical elements present in the ground plants. In the other hand, it has the benefit of reducing the contamination by harmful elements to health, such as heavy metals. EDXRF can replace atomic absorption spectrometry as low-cost and high precision technique to quantify all elements of interest in the pharmaceutical and food industries, within the limits established by regulatory agencies
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References
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AZEVEDO, J. C. S. Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia HBK (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans. 2015. Dissertation (Masters) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2015.
BARRETT, B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine, Stuttgart, v. 10, n. 1, p. 66-86, 2003. DOI: 10.1078/094471103321648692. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
BERNARD, A. Cadmium and its adverse effects on human health. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, Mumbai, v. 128, n. 4, p. 557-564, 2008.
CALDAS, E. D.; MACHADO. L. L. Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Exeter, v. 42, p. 599-603, 2004.
EKINCI, N.; EKINCI, R.; POLAT, R.; BUDAK, G. Analysis of trace elements in medicinal plants with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 260, p. 127-131, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JRNC.0000027071.72742.ee. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
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IVANOVA, J.; DJINGOVA, R.; KULEFF, I. Determination of some heavy and toxic elements in plants and soils with ED-XRF using americium-241 excitation source. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 238, p. 29-32, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02385352. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
JAIN, A. K.; DUBES, R. C. Algorithms for Clustering Data. USA: NJ, 1988.
JAISHANKAR, M. et al. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, Bratislava, v. 7, n. 2, p. 60-72, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
LÄNGER, R.; STÖGER, E.; KUBELKA, W.; HELLIWELL, K. Quality standards for herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations - Appropriate or improvements necessary? Planta Medica, Uttar, v. 84, n. 6/7, p. 350-360, 2017.
LUIZ, L. C. et al. Characterization of a group of medicinal herbs commercialized in Rio de Janeiro state through XRF spectroscopy. Demetra, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, p. 1-14, 2019.
MARGUÍ, E.; QUERALT, I.; HIDALGO, M. Application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determination and quantitation of metals in vegetal material. Analytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, v. 28, n. 3, p. 362–372, 2009.
MARGUÍ, E.; HIDALGO, M.; QUERALT, I. Multielemental fast analysis of vegetation samples by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: Possibilities and drawbacks. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Oxford, v. 60, n. 9/10, p. 1363-1372, 2005.
MCGLADDERY, C. et al. Elemental assessment of vegetation via portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry. Journal of Environmental Management, Amsterdam, v. 210, p. 210-225, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.003. . Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MCKINNEY, W. Python for data analysis. Beijin: O’Reilly, 2013. Available from: https://www.cin.ufpe.br/~embat/Python%20for%20Data%20Analysis.pdf. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MELQUIADES, F. L.; GONÇALVES, G. W. P. S.; SILVA, W. D.; PARREIRA, P. S.; APPOLONI, C. R. Metal monitoring in igapó lakes in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, using EDXRF methodology. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 29, n. 2, p. 129-138, 2008.
MENNA JUNIOR, D. et al. Physicochemical evaluation of portland cement produced in Brazil via X-ray fluorescence and mechanical strength. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 41, n. 1, p. 3-12, 2020.
MOLARI, R.; ENDO, L. Y.; APPOLONI, C. R.; MELQUIADES, F. L.; PORTEZAN FILHO, O.; PARREIRA, P. S. Portable EDXRF and principal component analysis for inorganic element determination and provenance of eye shadows. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 40, n. 2, p. 135-144, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2019v40n2p135. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
NKANSAH, M. A.; HAYFORD, S. T.; BORQUAYE, L. S.; EPHRAIM, J. H. Heavy metal contents of some medicinal herbs from Kumasi, Ghana. Environmental Chemistry, Pollution & Waste Management, Abingdon, v. 2, p. 1-8, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1234660. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
OBIAJUNWA, E. I.; ADEBAJO, A. C.; OMOBUWAJO, O. R. Essential and trace element contents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 252, p. 473-476, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015838300859. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
PREMIER LAB SUPPLY. PB-100 - Grinding Binding Additives. 2019. Available from: https://www.premierlabsupply.com/product-category/products-for-press-pelletizing/. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
ICH - INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR HARMONISATION. Q3D: guideline for elemental impurities. 2014. Available from: https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q3D/Q3D_Step_4.pdf. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SAAD, G. A.; LÉDA, P. H. O.; SÁ, I. M.; SEIXLACK, A. C. C. Fitoterapia contemporânea: tradição e ciência na prática clínica. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2016.
SANTOS, A. F. J. et al. Multielement determination of macro and micro contents in medicinal plants and phytomedicines from Brazil by ICP OES. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, São Paulo, v. 28, n. 2, p. 376-384, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20160187. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SANTOS, B. V.; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, J. M.; BONVENTI JÚNIOR, W.; HANAI-YOSHIDA, V. M. Assessment of chemical elements in cosmetics’ eyeshodows by X-ray fluorescence and international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients characterization. X-Ray Spectrometry, Chichester, p. 1-10, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2835. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SARMA, H.; DEKA, S.; DEKA, H.; SAIKIA, R. R. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, New York, v. 214, p. 63-86, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0668-6_4. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SERENO, A. B.; GIBBERT, L.; BERTIN, R. L.; KRÜGER, C. C. H. Cultivo do Maná-Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) no litoral do Paraná e sua contextualização com a segurança alimentar e nutricional. Divers@ Revista Eletrônica Interdisciplinar, Curitiba, v. 10, p. 123-132, 2017.
SIMÕES, C. M. O. Farmacognosia da planta ao medicamento. 5th ed. Florianópolis: UFSC, 2003.
SMITH, A. H.; LINGAS, E. O.; RAHMAN, M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: A public health emergency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, [S. l.], 2000.
THEODORIDIS, S.; KOUTROUMBAS, K. Pattern Recognition. 4th ed. California: Academic Press, 2009.
TOLONEN, M. Vitamins and minerals in health and nutrition. Abington: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 1990.
USP - UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention: revision and the national formulary. Rockville, USP, 2006.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residue. Geneva: WHO Press, 2007.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1978. Twenty-second Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 631).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1982. Twenty-sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 683).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1989. Thirty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 776).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 2000. Fifty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 896).
YAMABE, N.; KANG, K. S.; HUR, J. M.; YOKOZAWA, T. Matcha, a powdered green tea, ameliorates the progression of renal and hepatic damage in type 2 diabetic OLETF rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, Larchmont, v. 12, n. 4, p. 714-721, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1282. PMID: 19735169. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
ALINA, M. et al. Heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, plumbum) in selected marine fish and shellfish along the straits of malacca. International Food Research Journal, [London], v. 19, n. 1, p. 135-140, 2012. ISSN 1985-4668.
AL-OMARI, S. Determination of essential and toxic trace elements in ten herbal medicines using energy-dispersive XRF analysis. X-Ray Spectrometry, Chichester, v. 40, p. 31-36, 2011. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1288. Acess in: 14 jun. 2019.
ANVISA. Formulário de fitoterápicos farmacopeia brasileira. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 2011. Available from: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/33832/259456/Formulario_de_Fitoterapicos_da_Farmacopeia_Brasileira.pdf/. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
ANVISA. Farmacopeia brasileira. 5th ed. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 2010. v. 1.
ANVISA. Resolução - RDC nº 42, de 29 de agosto de 2013. Regulamento Técnico MERCOSUL sobre Limites Máximos de Contaminantes Inorgânicos em Alimentos. Diário Oficial da União: seção 1, Brasília, DF, 30 ago. 2013.
AZEVEDO, J. C. S. Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia HBK (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans. 2015. Dissertation (Masters) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2015.
BARRETT, B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine, Stuttgart, v. 10, n. 1, p. 66-86, 2003. DOI: 10.1078/094471103321648692. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
BERNARD, A. Cadmium and its adverse effects on human health. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, Mumbai, v. 128, n. 4, p. 557-564, 2008.
CALDAS, E. D.; MACHADO. L. L. Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Exeter, v. 42, p. 599-603, 2004.
EKINCI, N.; EKINCI, R.; POLAT, R.; BUDAK, G. Analysis of trace elements in medicinal plants with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 260, p. 127-131, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JRNC.0000027071.72742.ee. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
ESTANAGEL, T. H. P. et al. Study of the elemental composition of plants and extracts of medicinal plants through X-ray fluorescence. Journal of Physics, [S. l.], v. 1291, p. 012022, 2019.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION; WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Summary of Evaluation Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Rome: JECFA, 2005.Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-at877e.pdf. Acess in: 14 jun. 2019.
FERNÁNDEZ, B.; LOBO, L.; PEREIRO, R. Atomic absorpton spectrometry - fundamentals, instrumentation and capabilities. In: ENCYCLOPEDIA of Analytical Science. 3rd ed. Amsterdã: Elsevier, 2019. p 137-143.
FREITAS, C. A. S. et al. Acerola: produção, composição, aspectos nutricionais e produtos. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, pelotas, v. 12, n. 4, p. 395-400, 2006.
HAMMER, O.; HARPER, D. A. T.; RYAN, P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, College Station, v. 4, n. 1, p. 9, 2001. Available from: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
HENDLER, S. S. The Doctors’ vitamin and mineral encyclopedia. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
HERRERA-ESTRELLA, L. R.; GUEVARA-GARCIA, A. A. Heavy metal adaptation. In: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, p. 1-9, 2009.
IVANOVA, J.; DJINGOVA, R.; KULEFF, I. Determination of some heavy and toxic elements in plants and soils with ED-XRF using americium-241 excitation source. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 238, p. 29-32, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02385352. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
JAIN, A. K.; DUBES, R. C. Algorithms for Clustering Data. USA: NJ, 1988.
JAISHANKAR, M. et al. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, Bratislava, v. 7, n. 2, p. 60-72, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009. Acess in: 3 jun. 2019.
LÄNGER, R.; STÖGER, E.; KUBELKA, W.; HELLIWELL, K. Quality standards for herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations - Appropriate or improvements necessary? Planta Medica, Uttar, v. 84, n. 6/7, p. 350-360, 2017.
LUIZ, L. C. et al. Characterization of a group of medicinal herbs commercialized in Rio de Janeiro state through XRF spectroscopy. Demetra, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, p. 1-14, 2019.
MARGUÍ, E.; QUERALT, I.; HIDALGO, M. Application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determination and quantitation of metals in vegetal material. Analytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, v. 28, n. 3, p. 362–372, 2009.
MARGUÍ, E.; HIDALGO, M.; QUERALT, I. Multielemental fast analysis of vegetation samples by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: Possibilities and drawbacks. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Oxford, v. 60, n. 9/10, p. 1363-1372, 2005.
MCGLADDERY, C. et al. Elemental assessment of vegetation via portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry. Journal of Environmental Management, Amsterdam, v. 210, p. 210-225, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.003. . Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MCKINNEY, W. Python for data analysis. Beijin: O’Reilly, 2013. Available from: https://www.cin.ufpe.br/~embat/Python%20for%20Data%20Analysis.pdf. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
MELQUIADES, F. L.; GONÇALVES, G. W. P. S.; SILVA, W. D.; PARREIRA, P. S.; APPOLONI, C. R. Metal monitoring in igapó lakes in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, using EDXRF methodology. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 29, n. 2, p. 129-138, 2008.
MENNA JUNIOR, D. et al. Physicochemical evaluation of portland cement produced in Brazil via X-ray fluorescence and mechanical strength. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 41, n. 1, p. 3-12, 2020.
MOLARI, R.; ENDO, L. Y.; APPOLONI, C. R.; MELQUIADES, F. L.; PORTEZAN FILHO, O.; PARREIRA, P. S. Portable EDXRF and principal component analysis for inorganic element determination and provenance of eye shadows. Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v. 40, n. 2, p. 135-144, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2019v40n2p135. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
NKANSAH, M. A.; HAYFORD, S. T.; BORQUAYE, L. S.; EPHRAIM, J. H. Heavy metal contents of some medicinal herbs from Kumasi, Ghana. Environmental Chemistry, Pollution & Waste Management, Abingdon, v. 2, p. 1-8, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1234660. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
OBIAJUNWA, E. I.; ADEBAJO, A. C.; OMOBUWAJO, O. R. Essential and trace element contents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Lausanne, v. 252, p. 473-476, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015838300859. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
PREMIER LAB SUPPLY. PB-100 - Grinding Binding Additives. 2019. Available from: https://www.premierlabsupply.com/product-category/products-for-press-pelletizing/. Acess in: 5 jun. 2019.
ICH - INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR HARMONISATION. Q3D: guideline for elemental impurities. 2014. Available from: https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q3D/Q3D_Step_4.pdf. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SAAD, G. A.; LÉDA, P. H. O.; SÁ, I. M.; SEIXLACK, A. C. C. Fitoterapia contemporânea: tradição e ciência na prática clínica. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2016.
SANTOS, A. F. J. et al. Multielement determination of macro and micro contents in medicinal plants and phytomedicines from Brazil by ICP OES. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, São Paulo, v. 28, n. 2, p. 376-384, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20160187. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SANTOS, B. V.; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, J. M.; BONVENTI JÚNIOR, W.; HANAI-YOSHIDA, V. M. Assessment of chemical elements in cosmetics’ eyeshodows by X-ray fluorescence and international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients characterization. X-Ray Spectrometry, Chichester, p. 1-10, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2835. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SARMA, H.; DEKA, S.; DEKA, H.; SAIKIA, R. R. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, New York, v. 214, p. 63-86, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0668-6_4. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
SERENO, A. B.; GIBBERT, L.; BERTIN, R. L.; KRÜGER, C. C. H. Cultivo do Maná-Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) no litoral do Paraná e sua contextualização com a segurança alimentar e nutricional. Divers@ Revista Eletrônica Interdisciplinar, Curitiba, v. 10, p. 123-132, 2017.
SIMÕES, C. M. O. Farmacognosia da planta ao medicamento. 5th ed. Florianópolis: UFSC, 2003.
SMITH, A. H.; LINGAS, E. O.; RAHMAN, M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: A public health emergency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, [S. l.], 2000.
THEODORIDIS, S.; KOUTROUMBAS, K. Pattern Recognition. 4th ed. California: Academic Press, 2009.
TOLONEN, M. Vitamins and minerals in health and nutrition. Abington: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 1990.
USP - UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention: revision and the national formulary. Rockville, USP, 2006.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residue. Geneva: WHO Press, 2007.
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1978. Twenty-second Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 631).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1982. Twenty-sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 683).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 1989. Thirty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 776).
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press, 2000. Fifty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (Technical Report Series 896).
YAMABE, N.; KANG, K. S.; HUR, J. M.; YOKOZAWA, T. Matcha, a powdered green tea, ameliorates the progression of renal and hepatic damage in type 2 diabetic OLETF rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, Larchmont, v. 12, n. 4, p. 714-721, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1282. PMID: 19735169. Acess in: 6 jun. 2019.
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2020-12-11
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Paulino Estanagel, T. H., Hanai-Yoshida, V. M., Caldana, C. R. G., Bonventi Junior, W., Chaud, M. V., Aranha, N., Vila, M. M. D. C., Balcão, V. M. C. F., & Oliveira Junior, J. M. de. (2020). Pollutants harmful to health in herbal products detected by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Semina: Ciências Exatas E Tecnológicas, 41(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2020v41n2p211
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